Published February 1, 1999
The UNIX technical community has a longstanding tradition of publishing the source code to programs in order to share technical accomplishments and facilitate peer review. Examples of this include sendmail, bind, the X11 graphical windowing system and dozens of USENET newsgroups devoted to the exchange of source. The recent rise in popularity of the Apache web server and the Linux operating system have provided a spotlight for "Open Source" software. How does SCO fit in this picture ? How can SCO customers take advantage of this type of software ? How can SCO developers contribute to this movement and leverage the eyes and minds of thousands of programmers on the Internet ?
There are a wide variety of phrases used and misused in describing software whose source is freely available. In fact, a plethora of licensing schemes are available for such software. Commonly used terms include Open Source, Free Software, Freeware, Shareware and Public Domain software. Recently Eric Raymond has created where he provides a definition of the Open Source certification mark and links to a variety of conforming software licenses at .
Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have provided an extensive review of the many categories of software whose source is available at . This article will not attempt to delve into the vagaries and nuances of the specifics of each of these licenses and categories. The term Open Source Software will be used to include all software whose source code is freely available and openly accessible. This will include Freeware and Shareware when accompanied by source (e.g. XV) as well as commercial products whose source is freely available (e.g. Mini-SQL).
Recent months have seen an explosion in Open Source awareness. However, freely available source code has been with us for dozens of years. Much of the infrastructure of the Internet is based on Open Source software. Many of the core components of a UNIX operating environment are Open Source.
Examples of Open Source components in standard UNIX environments include the mail transport agent sendmail, the Berkeley Internet Name Domain BIND, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP, the InterNetNews server INN and the X11 graphical windowing system X.
Many Open Source components derived from research work done at Universities. Partly in support of this research the UNIX operating system source has traditionally been offered to Universities at a minimal licensing fee. When SCO acquired the rights to early UNIX source (the Mini UNIX operating system; the UNIX V6 operating system; the PWB UNIX operating system; and the UNIX V7 operating system, which also covers Editions 1-5, and the 32V), source licenses were made available at cost.
SCO Skunkware is the generic name for a free collection of software prebuilt and prepackaged for installation on SCO systems. The SCO OpenServer 5.0.5 and UnixWare 7 media kits contain an SCO Skunkware CD engineered specifically for that operating system.
Distributions are released on CD periodically and a repository of this and previous distributions as well as updates and corrections can always be found at . The SCO Skunkware CD can also be ordered online via .
SCO Skunkware contains a wide variety of software ranging from educational and experimental research tools to commercial grade software suitable for use on a production server.
It is provided for free and is not formally supported by SCO. However, Skunkware is undergoing something of a repositioning as previously unsupported components move into the standard supported product. What has, in the past, been known as Skunkware will likely continue to exist as a component of a more traditionally supported Open Source supplement.
The software on the Skunkware CD-ROM is licensed under a variety of terms. Much of it is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Some is licensed under the GNU Library General Public License. Other components are licensed under the Artistic License. Many of the components are "Freeware" with no restrictions on their redistribution while a few components are "Shareware" meaning the author would like you to try the software and, if you wish to use it, send her some money. A few components are commercial products which can be used freely for non-commercial purposes. Some components simply restrict their use to non-commercial purposes.
To determine the licensing conditions for a particular component, see the corresponding source in the source directory. With the infrequent exception of SCO proprietary code, all Skunkware components are accompanied by the source used to build them.
The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc. and SCO Skunkware are not related to, affiliated with or licensed by the famous Lockheed Martin Skunk Works (R), the creator of the F-117 Stealth Fighter, SR-71, U-2, Venturestar(tm), Darkstar(tm), and other pioneering air and spacecraft.
SCO utilizes Skunkware as a delivery mechanism for Open Source components which can provide customers with integrated solutions in a wide variety of emergant enabling technologies and productivity tools. Among these are:
The GNU C Compilation system - perhaps the most widely used cross platform C/C++/Objective C and Fortran development environment
Mtools - utilities to access DOS disks and manipulate DOS files and directories
Industry standard scripting languages - Perl, Tcl, TclX, Tk, Python, BLT, Itcl and Expect
Internet/Networking servers and tools - the latest releases of Apache, the world's most widely used commercial grade web server; Squid, a high performance cacheing proxy server; INN, a complete USENET news server; Enhydra, a Java application server; IRC, internet relay chat clients and server
Editors and text processing tools - groff, SGML-Tools, TeX, xcoral, xemacs, ghostscript, vim, xhtml
Java applications, servlets, classes and development kits - the Java Servlet Development Kit, the Java Foundation Classes (Swing), the Apache JServ server-side Java module, Apache JMeter URL performance meter, the Acme labs Java classes and applications, VRwave VRML browser, Jikes Java bytecode compiler, Java bytecode editors/debuggers/obfuscators/disassemblers
Multi-media content creation and viewing tools - the GNU Image Manipulation Program (Photoshop-like facility), ImageMagick image processing suite, Xanim animation viewer, MPEG 3 audio encoder and player, MIDI player, audio editing and conversion tools, graphic file conversion and manipulation libraries and tools
System administration and security tools - Sentry and Strobe port scan detector and optimized TCP port surveyor, Cgiwrap for secure user access to CGI, Procdump and Top for information about live processes or core image, RPM the Redhat Package Manager
Database servers and clients - MySQL, a threaded light-weight powerful SQL relational database management system; Addressbook, an on-line rolodex; Mini-SQL, another SQL relational database management system
Alternate shells and window managers - Bash/Zsh/Tcsh, WindowMaker, KDE
Skunkware also contains a gaggle of games, graphics, eye candy and amusements including:
X11 based adventure and video games - Xdoom, Xgalaga, Xboing, Xpool, Xmame
Mathematical recreations and research tools for exploring chaotic dynamical systems, iterated function systems, Lyapunov and Mandelbrot sets, ...
Miscellaneous fun and interesting stuff - create graphical astrology charts, simulate a fish tank, display your Scottish tartan
A full list of hundreds of currently shipping Skunkware components can be found at
Open Source Software and SCO Skunkware have an alternative support model. Since the source is available, it is often possible for the end-user to self-support or to easily consult with local experts. Further, due to the communal and open environment in which the software is developed (see below), there are often quite active and technically adept online discussion groups, mailing lists, web sites and ftp download areas for patches and updates.
One drawback to this model is that it is difficult for a vendor to provide monolithic support for a rapidly diverging Open Source product as the user base modifies their source code and rebuilds the system. Note that a recent survey of vendors of an Open Source operating system (Linux) revealed that there are over 40 commercial variants of Linux. This can pose severe compatibility, interoperability and support problems.
Open Source development teams are rapidly emerging as the dominant force behind the continuing evolution of computing. Eric Raymond's paper, The Cathedral and The Bazaar () details the philosophy, scope and social organization of this model. "Release early and often, delegate everything you can, be open to the point of promiscuity" is a development philosophy sharply in contradistinction with the conservatively centralized approach of the traditional development model in which large software projects were "built like cathedrals, carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation, with no beta to be released before its time".
SCO is attempting to synthesize these models - carefully protecting those customers heavily invested in the stability, interoperability and compatibility offered by the traditional approach while rapidly deploying emerging technologies and methodologies offered by the bazaar.
SCO recently engaged in an Open Source project which oversees the development and distribution of lxrun, a Linux emulation system. This open source project is being incorporated into UnixWare 7 as a supported feature of the operating system. Additional details on lxrun are available at .
The lxrun project is an example of how rapidly an open source project can evolve. It's also an example of one of the many Skunkware components that are being absorbed into the standard supported product.
If you would like to contribute to the ongoing effort to provide quality Open Source products to SCO customers:
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Ronald Joe Record has worked for The Santa Cruz Operation for over 15 years.
Record holds a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of California.
David Eyes (davidey@sco.com) contributed to this document in design, review and editorial matters.
This document was created using SGML-Tools 1.0.6 in conjunction with TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.2) running on an SCO UnixWare 7 platform.
The source to this document is maintained at . A Makefile and formatted varieties of this document are also available at . For instance, you will find a postscript version at .